The AMT restores and increases respiration and proliferation and completes other cellular processes. Since the work of Clark and Shay, the process of artificial transfer has and continues to mimic aspects of naturally occurring cell transport, especially in the mechanisms cells naturally use to rescue other damaged cells. Clark and Shay pioneered the artificial mitochondria transfer (AMT), which involved transferring mitochondria with antibiotic-resistant genes into sensitive cells, thereby enabling them to survive in a selective medium and opening this new field of research. Cells naturally have the capacity to exchange intracellular material and especially mitochondria through different processes such as cell-to-cell contact, microvesicles, nanotubular structures, and other mechanisms. Diseases, tissue damage, and aging challenge the cell and its mitochondria, thereby affecting their integrity, function, and homeostasis. Mitochondria are cell organelles descended from an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiont and play a fundamental role in growth, differentiation, and survival beyond sustaining the energetics of the cell. Without a doubt, mitochondria are more than mere cell power plants, as we continue to discover their potential to be used in medicine.
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Additionally, it is important that the field explores how artificial mitochondria transfer techniques can be used to treat different diseases and how to navigate the ethical issues in such procedures. Another priority is to determine the optimum quantity and cell/tissue source of the mitochondria in order to induce cell reprogramming or tissue repair, in both in vitro and in vivo applications. In order to use mitochondrial transfer in medicine, we must answer key questions about how to replicate aspects of natural transport processes to improve current artificial transfer methods.
These methods mimic natural mitochondria transfer. The techniques currently in use today range from simple coincubations of isolated mitochondria and recipient cells to the use of physical approaches to induce integration. Inspired by the symbiotic origin of mitochondria and by the cell’s capacity to transfer these organelles to damaged neighbors, many researchers have developed procedures to artificially transfer mitochondria from one cell to another. The objective of this review is to outline existing artificial mitochondria transfer techniques and to describe the future steps necessary to develop new therapeutic applications in medicine.
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